Methodology

How we work

Where the data comes from

  • Specs: the maker's own specification page or manual for the European version. Each model page lists its sources.
  • Prices: European stores, checked by hand on the date shown. Prices change daily, so treat them as a guide.
  • Laws: official government and legislation websites only. Each country page links to them and shows the date we last checked.
  • Recalls: the EU Safety Gate and national product safety authorities.

If a maker does not publish a number, we leave a gap marked "not published". We never fill it with a guess.

Spec analysis and hands-on tests

Most model pages are a spec analysis: we compare published specs and prices but have not ridden the model. The page says so at the top. When we have tested a model ourselves, the page sayshands-on test and gives the date. We never call a desk review a test.

How legality verdicts work

We sort each model into a legal class, then compare its European specs with that country's rules. For example, an e-bike counts as a pedal-assist bike (EPAC) only if the motor stops helping at 25 km/h, rated power is at most 250 W and there is no throttle above 6 km/h. Anything more is legally a moped.

  • Road-legal: you can ride it as sold.
  • Road-legal with conditions: allowed, but you need something extra, such as insurance, a plate or a licence.
  • Not road-legal as sold: it breaks a limit, or that type of vehicle is banned from public roads.
  • Not confirmed: a spec or approval we need is not published, so we cannot say yes.

Verdicts are for the model as sold. "Unlocking" a higher speed makes almost any e-scooter or e-bike illegal on public roads, and we do not publish guides to do it. Verdicts are a plain-English summary, not legal advice.

How we use AI

We use AI tools to help draft text, translate notes and produce videos, including narration. Every number in an article or video comes from our database, where it has a source. A person reviews every page and video before it is published. We do not use AI-generated footage that pretends to show a real product.

Corrections

Spotted a mistake or an outdated rule? Tell us on the contact page. We fix confirmed errors and update the "checked" date on the page.